This book presents an archaeological and historical study of ethnogenesis among colonial settlers in San Francisco, California, during its years as a Spanish presidio, or military outpost (1776–1821). The settlers were a diverse group of families who had been recruited primarily from the present-day Mexican states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Baja California, and Baja California Sur. Most settlers had some combination of Mexican Indian, African, and European ancestry. Under Spanish-colonial law, the settlers were classified according to the sistema de castas, an elaborate racial code in which lighter skin generally corresponded with higher social rank.
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